Fonti

Ogni numero di SproutAtlas risale a una fonte pubblicata — soprattutto studi peer-reviewed, più rapporti di enti pubblici. Eccole tutte, cambio per cambio. Ogni pagina di cambio elenca inoltre le proprie fonti.

Saponetta invece di Sapone liquido

• Koehler & Wildbolz (2009), Environmental Science & Technology — life-cycle footprint of bar vs liquid soap

Spazzolino di bambù invece di Spazzolino di plastica

• Lyne et al. (2020), British Dental Journal — life-cycle assessment of toothbrush types

Rasoio di sicurezza invece di Rasoi usa e getta

• U.S. EPA estimate (1990): ~2 billion disposable razors discarded per year in the US (figure not updated since)

Involucri alla cera invece di Pellicola

• Food Additives & Contaminants (1997) — plasticiser (DEHA) migration from PVC cling film into fatty foods

Panni lavabili invece di Carta da cucina

• U.S. EPA, Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts & Figures — paper towels & tissue in municipal waste

Tè sfuso invece di Bustine di plastica

• Hernandez et al. (2019), Environmental Science & Technology — plastic tea bags release ~11.6B microplastics + 3.1B nanoplastics per cup

Borraccia invece di Acqua in bottiglia

• Qian et al. (2024), PNAS — ~240,000 nano/microplastic particles per litre of bottled water
• Gleick & Cooley (2009), Environmental Research Letters — energy footprint of bottled water vs tap

Tazza riutilizzabile invece di Bicchieri usa e getta

• Ranjan et al. (2021), Journal of Hazardous Materials — microplastics released from disposable cups into hot water

Fogli di detersivo invece di Tanica di detersivo

• Giagnorio et al. (2017), Journal of Cleaner Production — environmental impacts of laundry detergents

Palline di lana per asciugatrice invece di Fogli ammorbidenti

• Steinemann et al. (2013), Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health — dryer-vent emissions from fragranced laundry products (incl. hazardous air pollutants)

Borsa riutilizzabile invece di Sacchetti di plastica usa-e-getta

• UN Environment Programme — single-use plastics roadmap (~5 trillion plastic bags used per year)
• UK Environment Agency (2011), Life Cycle Assessment of Supermarket Carrier Bags — how many reuses a reusable bag needs to come out ahead

Shampoo solido invece di Flaconi di shampoo

• Koehler & Wildbolz (2009), Environmental Science & Technology — life-cycle footprint of personal-hygiene products (bar vs liquid)

Panni lavabili riutilizzabili invece di Salviette umidificate

• Metcalf et al. (2022), Marine Pollution Bulletin — wet wipes drive ~90% of sewer blockages and persist as beach litter
• Marine Conservation Society — Great British Beach Clean (wet wipes recorded per 100 m of UK shoreline)

Cotton fioc di bambù invece di Cotton fioc di plastica

• EU Single-Use Plastics Directive (EU) 2019/904 — bans plastic cotton-bud sticks, among the most common beach-litter items

Spugna naturale o luffa invece di Spugne sintetiche

• Su et al. (2024), Environmental Science & Technology — melamine cleaning sponges shed microplastic fibres (≈1 trillion/month globally)

Posate riutilizzabili invece di Posate di plastica

• EU Single-Use Plastics Directive (EU) 2019/904 — bans single-use plastic cutlery

Cannuccia riutilizzabile invece di Cannucce di plastica

• EU Single-Use Plastics Directive (EU) 2019/904 — bans single-use plastic straws (a top marine-litter item)

Compra meglio, usa più a lungo invece di Fast fashion

• Niinimäki et al. (2020), Nature Reviews Earth & Environment — the environmental price of fast fashion (water, CO₂, textile waste)
• UN Environment Programme — fashion is ~10% of global emissions; doubling how long clothes are worn sharply cuts their footprint

Terriccio senza torba invece di Terriccio con torba

• IUCN — Peatlands and climate change: drained/extracted peatlands emit ≈5% of global anthropogenic CO₂
• The Wildlife Trusts — climate impact of horticultural peat use in the UK

Stendino o corda invece di Asciugatrice

• European Commission — tumble dryers use ≈1.4–2.7 kWh per cycle and are among the home’s most energy-hungry appliances
• Lee & Sohn (2025), Resources, Conservation & Recycling — full line drying eliminates the use-phase emissions of clothes drying

Filo interdentale ricaricabile in seta invece di Forcelle di filo interdentale in plastica

• Boronow et al. (2019), Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology — PTFE/PFAS-coated floss linked to higher PFAS in the body (via Silent Spring Institute)

Sacca cattura-microfibre invece di Lavare sintetico così com'è

• Napper & Thompson (2016), Marine Pollution Bulletin — a single 6 kg wash can release over 700,000 synthetic microfibres

Coperchi riutilizzabili invece di Alluminio e pellicola

• The Aluminum Association / International Aluminium Institute — aluminium LCA: primary aluminium is highly energy-intensive (≈4–20 t CO₂ per tonne, depending on the power source)

Sacchetti riutilizzabili invece di Sacchetti alimentari usa-e-getta

• UN Environment Programme — single-use plastics roadmap (the case for reusable alternatives to throwaway plastic film and bags)

Vasi riutilizzati invece di Vasi usa-e-getta

• Royal Horticultural Society — Circular Plastic by 2030: black plastic pots slip past recycling sorters and mostly reach landfill

Dentifricio in pastiglie invece di Tubi di dentifricio

• Toothpaste tubes are multi-layer plastic-and-aluminium laminate that kerbside recycling cannot separate, so most reach landfill (industry estimate ≈1.5 billion tubes/year)

Pile ricaricabili invece di Pile usa-e-getta

• Marinello & Grosso et al. (2016), Int. Journal of Life Cycle Assessment — NiMH rechargeables beat alkaline on nearly all impacts after ~50 charge cycles

Capsula riutilizzabile o caffè macinato invece di Capsule del caffè

• Earth.org — global coffee-capsule waste ≈576,000 tonnes/year; mixed plastic-and-aluminium pods are hard to recycle
• Cruz et al. (2024), Sustainable Materials and Technologies — small mixed-material capsules evade automatic sorting and end up landfilled or incinerated

Pastiglie ricarica e una bottiglia invece di Spray in bottiglia

• CNN Underscored (2026) — concentrated refills ship without excess water (most sprays are ~90% water), cutting weight and plastic-bottle waste
• U.S. EPA — containers & packaging are the largest category of plastic waste, and household plastic recycling stays below ~9%

Piatti riutilizzabili invece di Piatti usa-e-getta

• EU Single-Use Plastics Directive (EU) 2019/904 — bans single-use plastic plates

I confronti con i “cattivi”

Anche i confronti scherzosi (jet privati, centrali a carbone…) si basano su numeri pubblicati:

• Transport & Environment (2021) — some private jets emit two tonnes of CO₂ per flight hour
• Barros & Wilk (2021), Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy — a superyacht emits on the order of 7,000 t CO₂ a year, the largest single item in a billionaire’s footprint
• Global Energy Monitor — a 1 GW coal plant at an 0.8 capacity factor emits ≈6.3 Mt CO₂ a year
• Poore & Nemecek (2018), Science — beef averages ~60 kg CO₂e per kg, the highest-footprint common food
• UK Government GHG conversion factors — long-haul economy ≈0.15 kg CO₂e per passenger-km, so a one-way London–New York seat (~5,600 km) is ≈0.8 t CO₂e
• Saatchi et al. (2007), Global Change Biology — Amazon forest holds ~177 t of above-ground carbon per hectare (≈65 kg CO₂ per m²)
• Euromonitor (2017), via National Geographic — about a million plastic drink bottles are bought every minute worldwide
• Coca-Cola’s 2019 Ellen MacArthur Foundation disclosure — 3 Mt of plastic packaging a year, roughly 200,000 bottles a minute
• WHO (2022), Tobacco: poisoning our planet — roughly 4.5 trillion cigarette filters pollute oceans, rivers, pavements and soil every year
• Napper & Thompson (2016), Marine Pollution Bulletin — a single 6 kg wash of acrylic fabric can release over 700,000 microfibres

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