Fuentes

Cada cifra de SproutAtlas se remonta a una fuente publicada — sobre todo estudios revisados por pares, además de informes de organismos públicos. Aquí están todas, cambio por cambio. Cada página de cambio también lista sus propias fuentes.

Pastilla de jabón en vez de Jabón líquido

• Koehler & Wildbolz (2009), Environmental Science & Technology — life-cycle footprint of bar vs liquid soap

Cepillo de bambú en vez de Cepillo de plástico

• Lyne et al. (2020), British Dental Journal — life-cycle assessment of toothbrush types

Maquinilla clásica en vez de Cuchillas desechables

• U.S. EPA estimate (1990): ~2 billion disposable razors discarded per year in the US (figure not updated since)

Envoltorios de cera en vez de Film transparente

• Food Additives & Contaminants (1997) — plasticiser (DEHA) migration from PVC cling film into fatty foods

Paños lavables en vez de Papel de cocina

• U.S. EPA, Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts & Figures — paper towels & tissue in municipal waste

Té a granel en vez de Bolsitas de plástico

• Hernandez et al. (2019), Environmental Science & Technology — plastic tea bags release ~11.6B microplastics + 3.1B nanoplastics per cup

Botella reutilizable en vez de Agua embotellada

• Qian et al. (2024), PNAS — ~240,000 nano/microplastic particles per litre of bottled water
• Gleick & Cooley (2009), Environmental Research Letters — energy footprint of bottled water vs tap

Vaso reutilizable en vez de Vasos desechables

• Ranjan et al. (2021), Journal of Hazardous Materials — microplastics released from disposable cups into hot water

Tiras de detergente en vez de Garrafa de detergente

• Giagnorio et al. (2017), Journal of Cleaner Production — environmental impacts of laundry detergents

Bolas de lana para secadora en vez de Toallitas para secadora

• Steinemann et al. (2013), Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health — dryer-vent emissions from fragranced laundry products (incl. hazardous air pollutants)

Bolsa reutilizable en vez de Bolsas de plástico de un solo uso

• UN Environment Programme — single-use plastics roadmap (~5 trillion plastic bags used per year)
• UK Environment Agency (2011), Life Cycle Assessment of Supermarket Carrier Bags — how many reuses a reusable bag needs to come out ahead

Champú sólido en vez de Botes de champú

• Koehler & Wildbolz (2009), Environmental Science & Technology — life-cycle footprint of personal-hygiene products (bar vs liquid)

Paños de tela reutilizables en vez de Toallitas húmedas

• Metcalf et al. (2022), Marine Pollution Bulletin — wet wipes drive ~90% of sewer blockages and persist as beach litter
• Marine Conservation Society — Great British Beach Clean (wet wipes recorded per 100 m of UK shoreline)

Bastoncillos de bambú en vez de Bastoncillos de plástico

• EU Single-Use Plastics Directive (EU) 2019/904 — bans plastic cotton-bud sticks, among the most common beach-litter items

Esponja natural o lufa en vez de Esponjas sintéticas

• Su et al. (2024), Environmental Science & Technology — melamine cleaning sponges shed microplastic fibres (≈1 trillion/month globally)

Cubiertos reutilizables en vez de Cubiertos de plástico

• EU Single-Use Plastics Directive (EU) 2019/904 — bans single-use plastic cutlery

Pajita reutilizable en vez de Pajitas de plástico

• EU Single-Use Plastics Directive (EU) 2019/904 — bans single-use plastic straws (a top marine-litter item)

Compra mejor, usa más tiempo en vez de Moda rápida

• Niinimäki et al. (2020), Nature Reviews Earth & Environment — the environmental price of fast fashion (water, CO₂, textile waste)
• UN Environment Programme — fashion is ~10% of global emissions; doubling how long clothes are worn sharply cuts their footprint

Sustrato sin turba en vez de Sustrato con turba

• IUCN — Peatlands and climate change: drained/extracted peatlands emit ≈5% of global anthropogenic CO₂
• The Wildlife Trusts — climate impact of horticultural peat use in the UK

Tendedero o cuerda en vez de Secadora

• European Commission — tumble dryers use ≈1.4–2.7 kWh per cycle and are among the home’s most energy-hungry appliances
• Lee & Sohn (2025), Resources, Conservation & Recycling — full line drying eliminates the use-phase emissions of clothes drying

Seda dental recargable en vez de Palillos de seda dental de plástico

• Boronow et al. (2019), Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology — PTFE/PFAS-coated floss linked to higher PFAS in the body (via Silent Spring Institute)

Bolsa que atrapa microfibras en vez de Lavar sintéticos sin más

• Napper & Thompson (2016), Marine Pollution Bulletin — a single 6 kg wash can release over 700,000 synthetic microfibres

Tapas reutilizables en vez de Papel de aluminio y film

• The Aluminum Association / International Aluminium Institute — aluminium LCA: primary aluminium is highly energy-intensive (≈4–20 t CO₂ per tonne, depending on the power source)

Bolsas reutilizables en vez de Bolsas de comida de un solo uso

• UN Environment Programme — single-use plastics roadmap (the case for reusable alternatives to throwaway plastic film and bags)

Macetas reutilizadas en vez de Macetas de usar y tirar

• Royal Horticultural Society — Circular Plastic by 2030: black plastic pots slip past recycling sorters and mostly reach landfill

Pastillas dentífricas en vez de Tubos de pasta de dientes

• Toothpaste tubes are multi-layer plastic-and-aluminium laminate that kerbside recycling cannot separate, so most reach landfill (industry estimate ≈1.5 billion tubes/year)

Pilas recargables en vez de Pilas desechables

• Marinello & Grosso et al. (2016), Int. Journal of Life Cycle Assessment — NiMH rechargeables beat alkaline on nearly all impacts after ~50 charge cycles

Cápsula reutilizable o café molido en vez de Cápsulas de café

• Earth.org — global coffee-capsule waste ≈576,000 tonnes/year; mixed plastic-and-aluminium pods are hard to recycle
• Cruz et al. (2024), Sustainable Materials and Technologies — small mixed-material capsules evade automatic sorting and end up landfilled or incinerated

Pastillas de recarga y una botella en vez de Limpiadores embotellados

• CNN Underscored (2026) — concentrated refills ship without excess water (most sprays are ~90% water), cutting weight and plastic-bottle waste
• U.S. EPA — containers & packaging are the largest category of plastic waste, and household plastic recycling stays below ~9%

Platos reutilizables en vez de Platos de un solo uso

• EU Single-Use Plastics Directive (EU) 2019/904 — bans single-use plastic plates

Las comparaciones con villanos

Las comparaciones juguetonas (jets privados, centrales de carbón…) también se basan en cifras publicadas:

• Transport & Environment (2021) — some private jets emit two tonnes of CO₂ per flight hour
• Barros & Wilk (2021), Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy — a superyacht emits on the order of 7,000 t CO₂ a year, the largest single item in a billionaire’s footprint
• Global Energy Monitor — a 1 GW coal plant at an 0.8 capacity factor emits ≈6.3 Mt CO₂ a year
• Poore & Nemecek (2018), Science — beef averages ~60 kg CO₂e per kg, the highest-footprint common food
• UK Government GHG conversion factors — long-haul economy ≈0.15 kg CO₂e per passenger-km, so a one-way London–New York seat (~5,600 km) is ≈0.8 t CO₂e
• Saatchi et al. (2007), Global Change Biology — Amazon forest holds ~177 t of above-ground carbon per hectare (≈65 kg CO₂ per m²)
• Euromonitor (2017), via National Geographic — about a million plastic drink bottles are bought every minute worldwide
• Coca-Cola’s 2019 Ellen MacArthur Foundation disclosure — 3 Mt of plastic packaging a year, roughly 200,000 bottles a minute
• WHO (2022), Tobacco: poisoning our planet — roughly 4.5 trillion cigarette filters pollute oceans, rivers, pavements and soil every year
• Napper & Thompson (2016), Marine Pollution Bulletin — a single 6 kg wash of acrylic fabric can release over 700,000 microfibres

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